WP-133 · 3 October 2026
ECONOMICS · POLICYEARTH · CLIMATE

The Grandchildren of Others: What Unpriced Extraction Costs

A sequel to WP-132. Part I is satire in a conjured Swift’s voice; Part II looks at what the debt ledger omits, what the sources show about its price, and what they do not show about who pays.

Satire in Part I · evidence in Part II · English and Português

Part I. A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Unborn Grandchildren of Strangers from Being a Burden to the Present Quarter, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Price of Coal

Satire. The narrator is conjured, once more, from the Deanery of St Patrick’s. His voice is not ours; he is the target. Part II is the record: every figure below is traced there to its source, with what was read and what was not.

It is a prudent economy of this Republic, and of every Republic that has found a seam of anything worth burning, that the charge of each extraction be laid upon persons not yet present to dispute it. Mark the arrangement. The merchant sells at a price; the price omits the smoke; the smoke is entered by no one, and so is owed by no one, and so is owed, in the fullness of time, by someone. The grandchildren of strangers are the most obliging creditors in the kingdom: they lend without being asked, they cannot be consulted because they are unborn, and they are repaid without being thanked.

Some tender-hearted economists have proposed to bring this charge into the accounts by a method of discounting, which I confess to admiring. By a small and sober fraction, applied once for every year of delay, a damage fifty years distant may be reduced to about a thirtieth part of itself. I do not say the damage is smaller. I say only that the arithmetic has been taught to look the other way, in a very orderly fashion.

I have the honour to add that the ledger of a nation, being a record of what the nation borrowed, can have no line for what it did not borrow but merely took. This is its beauty. A debt has a creditor, a schedule and a number to keep it in. The smoke has none of these, and is for that reason the more easily bequeathed.

I therefore propose nothing, the proposal being already in operation in every country that sells fuel; and I have, as before, no interest in the matter, being dead, and having no grandchildren to be billed.

Part II. The record

Abstract

WP-132 divided the US federal debt by the population and found about $114,000 a resident, a figure that counts what the state borrowed and nothing else. This paper asks what that ledger leaves out when the economy runs on extraction, and who is billed for it. On the sources read: the IMF (International Monetary Fund) puts 2024 fossil-fuel subsidies at $7.43 trillion, 6.4 per cent of world output, of which only $0.73 trillion is explicit and $6.7 trillion is damage the prices do not charge (1); that definition is rejected by other agencies (2). The EPA, the US Environmental Protection Agency, priced a ton of carbon dioxide in 2023 at $120, $190 or $340, depending on whether the future is discounted at 2.5, 2.0 or 1.5 per cent a year (4); in January 2025 an executive order disbanded the group that produced such figures (5). The choice of discount rate, not a measurement of the atmosphere, is the largest lever in the number. We calculate that at 7 per cent a damage fifty years away counts for 3.4 per cent of its size, against 37.2 per cent at 2 per cent. By the IMF’s own split, only 32 per cent of that total is climate; 39 per cent is local air pollution and 16 per cent road externalities, which people alive now bear (our reading). What the sources do not show is who ultimately pays: that later generations, and people elsewhere, bear the bill is the author’s reading and not a finding. A widely quoted estimate of a 19 per cent world income loss by 2049 was retracted in December 2025 and is not used (9).

How to read this part

Each source is numbered and linked in order of first use and marked in the reference list as read in full, summary page, or not read. Where a figure is our own arithmetic on sourced numbers, we say so. Where a source is a news or tracker page, we say it is secondary. The Portuguese text is a translation that needs native review.

1. The claim, split into four

The sentence “the cost to the environment of running extraction unchecked is paid by the grandchildren of others” contains four claims that can fail separately. E1: extraction has costs that are not in its price or in the national debt. E2: those costs are large. E3: they fall on later generations. E4: they fall on people other than those who profit. The sources read support the first two to the extent of the IMF’s definition, and show a mechanism, discounting, that makes the third easy; they do not allocate the bill to named groups. The IMF’s own split cuts against E3 for most of the total: 39 per cent is local air pollution and 16 per cent road externalities.

2. The numbers

ItemValueSourceStatus
Global fossil-fuel subsidies, 2024$7.43 trillion (6.4% of world output)1IMF page read in full (PDF supplied by the author); the working paper behind it was not
of which explicit$0.73 trillion1As above
of which implicit (damage not charged in the price)$6.7 trillion (5.8% of world output)1The IMF’s definition; disputed by other agencies, per one secondary article
Shares of the total: local air pollution, climate, road externalities, explicit subsidies, forgone consumption tax39%, 32%, 16%, 9%, 4%1As above
One year of implicit subsidy against the US debt stock (our ratio)17.2%1, 3Arithmetic only; a world yearly flow against one country’s stock, so a scale, not a comparison
EPA social cost of CO2, 2020 emissions, 2020 dollars, per metric ton$120 (2.5%), $190 (2.0%), $340 (1.5%)4Key figures read; full report not read
Weight on $1 of damage fifty years away (our arithmetic)37.2¢ at 2%, 22.8¢ at 3%, 3.4¢ at 7%1/(1+r)50Arithmetic only

The IMF’s implicit figure is a modelled estimate of uncharged damage, not money that changed hands, and a secondary article reports that the OECD and the International Energy Agency reject treating it as a subsidy, so the headline $7.4 trillion should not be read as a payment (2). We use it as the IMF’s own measure of what prices leave out, under the IMF’s definition.

The IMF page (last updated 14 September 2026) defines an implicit subsidy as a retail price that fails to include external costs: climate damage, local health damage (mainly premature deaths from fine particulates), and congestion, accident and road damage. This matters for the claim. Of the 2024 total, local air pollution is 39 per cent, climate change 32 per cent, road externalities 16 per cent, explicit subsidies 9 per cent and forgone consumption tax 4 per cent (1). On the IMF’s own split, then, only about a third of the total is the climate cost that later generations would inherit; the air-pollution and road parts, 55 per cent together by our sum, are costs of a kind that people alive now bear (our reading of the IMF’s categories). The page also reports, for the $289 billion of explicit subsidies covered by household survey data in 2024, that the wealthiest half of households captured about three quarters and the richest tenth received about seven dollars for each dollar the poorest tenth received ($72 billion against $10 billion). That concerns who gets the benefit of the explicit subsidy, not who bears the damage. The IMF’s own model puts full price reform at CO2 emissions 46 per cent below baseline in 2035 and $5 trillion in revenue (3.3 per cent of world output); that is the IMF’s projection, not a measurement.

3. The price of a ton, and who set it

The EPA’s November 2023 report gives a central social cost of carbon dioxide for 2020 emissions of $120, $190 or $340 per metric ton, at near-term discount rates of 2.5, 2.0 and 1.5 per cent, in 2020 dollars, and says the estimates reflect global damages because climate change is global (4). On 20 January 2025 Executive Order 14154, section 6, disbanded the Interagency Working Group that had produced the federal estimates and directed agencies to the 2003 version of OMB Circular A-4 where the law allows (5). A Harvard Law School tracker records that the Trump administration’s first-term estimates used only domestic impacts and discount rates of 3 and 7 per cent, and shows the status as “slated for rollback” in January 2026 (6). We did not read current agency guidance, so the present federal figure, if any, is not established here.

4. The discount rate is the lever

The EPA’s own range moves from $120 to $190 to $340 as the rate falls from 2.5 to 2.0 to 1.5 per cent: a half-point change makes the number 1.58 times as large, and a one-point change 2.83 times (4). Our arithmetic shows why. A dollar of damage fifty years from now is weighted at 37.2 cents at 2 per cent, 22.8 cents at 3 per cent and 3.4 cents at 7 per cent, so the 2 per cent weight is about 11 times the 7 per cent weight. A person alive now will not usually be alive in fifty years; their grandchildren may be. A damage placed there is therefore cheap in proportion to the rate chosen, and a domestic-only count removes from the sum the damage that falls abroad. The sources show these two mechanisms. They do not show that anyone chose them in order to move the bill onto particular people, and this paper does not claim it.

5. Where the ledger stops

The Treasury describes the national debt as the federal government’s accumulated borrowing (7). By that definition it cannot contain a cost that was never borrowed. The IMF’s uncharged damage has no creditor, no schedule and no holder, and appears in no account of the nation’s obligations. A United Nations standard exists for recording natural capital: the UN Statistical Commission has adopted the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting—Ecosystem Accounting, which supplements gross domestic product and does not change it (8; the page we read gives no date, so we do not state one). Whether and how countries use it was not examined.

One much-cited estimate must be left out. A 2024 paper in Nature reported that climate change had already committed the world economy to a 19 per cent income loss by 2049; the journal retracted it on 3 December 2025 (9). We read only the retraction summary, and we do not use its figures.

6. Status of each claim

ClaimStatus
2024 fossil-fuel subsidies were $7.43 trillion, of which $6.7 trillion implicitThe IMF’s estimate, page read; underlying paper not read
The implicit part is a subsidyDisputed definition; the dispute is reported by one secondary article only
EPA 2023: $120, $190, $340 per ton at 2.5, 2.0, 1.5%Established (report’s key figures read)
Interagency group disbanded and 2003 Circular A-4 directed, 20 Jan 2025Established (order read)
Current federal social cost of carbonNot established; tracker says “slated for rollback”; agency guidance not read
A damage fifty years away is weighted 3.4% at 7% against 37.2% at 2%Our arithmetic
By the IMF’s split, 32% of the total is climate, 39% local air pollution, 16% road externalitiesEstablished as the IMF’s breakdown (page read in full)
Extraction costs fall on later generations (E3) and on others (E4)Not shown by the sources read; the author’s reading; the weighting mechanism is shown
The national debt includes environmental damageNo, by the Treasury’s definition of the debt as borrowing
19% world income loss by 2049 (Nature, 2024)Retracted 3 Dec 2025; not used
A UN standard for natural-capital accounts exists and supplements GDPEstablished (UN page read; year not on the page)

7. Limits and open items

We did not read the IMF working paper (a direct fetch returned an access error; the web page itself we read in full from a PDF the author supplied), the full EPA report, any current agency guidance, the OECD or IEA positions at source, or the UN standard itself. The sources are about a handful of price and accounting choices, not about harm: we did not measure damage, emissions or health effects, and we make no claim about how large the true environmental cost is. The question of incidence, who actually bears extraction’s costs across generations and countries, needs sources on distribution that we have not read, and the paper leaves it open.

The relation to WP-132 and WP-131 is of form, not of proof. WP-131 followed how persons and herds are appraised as assets, WP-132 how a person is divided out of a debt, and this paper what the ledger omits. Neither paper shows that one causes the other.

References

Style: ABNT NBR 6023. Bracketed notes give the status of each source.

  1. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. Fossil fuel subsidies. Washington, DC, last updated 14 Sept. 2026. Available at: https://www.imf.org/en/topics/climate-change/energy-subsidies. Accessed: 3 Oct. 2026. [Full text read (PDF converted from the page and supplied by the author); official source. The working paper behind the 2024 update, which a secondary article attributes to Black, Parry and colleagues, was not readable (403).]
  2. TERRA DAILY EDITORIAL TEAM. [The figure quoted as $7.4 trillion in annual fossil fuel subsidies is mostly not money changing hands…; title as shown in the search listing, truncated]. Terra Daily, [S. l.], 12 Sept. 2026. Available at: https://terradaily.com/jcb-fossil-fuel-uncosted-damage/. Accessed: 3 Oct. 2026. [Page read; secondary; used only for the definitional dispute with the OECD and the IEA, not at source.]
  3. UNITED STATES. Department of the Treasury. Fiscal Service. Federal debt: total public debt (GFDEBTN). St. Louis: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (FRED), updated 18 June 2026. Available at: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GFDEBTN. Accessed: 3 Oct. 2026. [Summary page read; see WP-132.]
  4. UNITED STATES. Environmental Protection Agency. Report on the social cost of greenhouse gases: estimates incorporating recent scientific advances. Washington, DC, Nov. 2023. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-12/epa_scghg_2023_report_final.pdf. Accessed: 3 Oct. 2026. [Key figures read; full report not read; official source.]
  5. UNITED STATES. Executive Order 14154: Unleashing American Energy. Washington, DC, 20 Jan. 2025. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/unleashing-american-energy/. Accessed: 3 Oct. 2026. [Section 6 read; official source.]
  6. HARVARD LAW SCHOOL. Environmental & Energy Law Program. The social cost of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide). Cambridge, MA, [s. d.]. Available at: https://eelp.law.harvard.edu/tracker/the-social-cost-of-carbon/. Accessed: 3 Oct. 2026. [Page read; regulatory tracker, secondary; status as of January 2026.]
  7. UNITED STATES. Department of the Treasury. Fiscal Service. Understanding the national debt. Washington, DC, [s. d.]. Available at: https://fiscaldata.treasury.gov/americas-finance-guide/national-debt/. Accessed: 3 Oct. 2026. [Page read; official source; see WP-132.]
  8. UNITED NATIONS. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. UN adopts landmark framework to integrate natural capital in economic reporting. New York, [s. d.]. Available at: https://www.un.org/en/desa/un-adopts-landmark-framework-integrate-natural-capital-economic-reporting. Accessed: 3 Oct. 2026. [Page read; official source; the date is not on the page.]
  9. KOTZ, Maximilian; LEVERMANN, Anders; WENZ, Leonie. The economic commitment of climate change. Nature, [S. l.], 2024. Retracted 3 Dec. 2025. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07219-0. Accessed: 3 Oct. 2026. [Retraction summary read; the paper’s figures are not used.]

Satirical frame: SWIFT, Jonathan. A modest proposal for preventing the children of poor people in Ireland from being a burden to their parents or country, and for making them beneficial to the publick. Dublin, 1729 (public domain). Part I echoes its title, cadence and closing disclaimer of interest.

3 October 2026.